Case 8 HP Gerald Edwards Essay - 611 Words

Student Name:____________Chamila Brown__________________________ Case No.______8_____ Student Number:__________21098154_______________________________ HILLCREST MEDICAL CENTER HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION Patient Name: Gerald Edwards Hospital No.: 11058 Room No.: 481 Date of Admission: 07/15/2010 Admitting Physician: Catherine Baker, MD Admitting Diagnosis: Complications of known diabetes mellitus. HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS: This is a 53-year-old black individual a patient of Dr. Shelton, who has had diabetes for at least six months, but he thinks it has been longer than that. He says his last known blood sugar was in the 300’s. He presents in the ER today with a foot ulcer since January of this year. He†¦show more content†¦He has three children a 19-year-old son, a 24-year-old son, and a 27-year-old daughter all alive and well. He has a first cousin with diabetes other than that there is no family history of diabetes. SOCIAL HISTORY: He smokes two packs of cigarettes per day. He drinks a rare beer. He is divorced and lives alone. He is Protestant, has a 10th grade education, and works at Taylor Auto Body Repair. REVIEW OF SYSTEMS: Essentially negative with the exception of numb feet and a headache. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: HEENT: Tympanic membranes and external auditory canals are within normal limits. Throat is clear with no gingival lesions. He is ______________. No obvious proliferate retinopoathy. NECK: No carotid bruit. No thyroid enlargement. LUNGS: Clear to auscultation. HEART: No S3, S4 or murmurs. ABDOMEN: Soft with no organomegaly. Normal bowel sounds. FEET: Good dorsalis and posterior tibial pulses bilaterally. Left foot has no abrasions, lesions, sores or ulcers. Right foot shows obvious deformity from previous break. He has an area located between his second and third metatarsal head that has clearly been an abscess that has broken through. He also has an obvious foot ulcer located over the instep of his right foot, full thickness. There is tracking to the broken foot, to which the ulcer area is connected and there is a question of osteomyelitis in this area. PLAN: Admit the patient for IV antibiotics,Show MoreRelatedEbooks Solution Manuals and Test Banks for Text Books19223 Words   |  77 PagesHealth by Rebecca J. Donatelle, Emeritus,Patricia Ketcham 12 Instructor’s Manual Access to Health by Rebecca J. Donatelle, Emeritus,Patricia Ketcham 12 Test Bank Accounting and Auditing Research Tools and Strategies by Weirich, Pearson, Churyk 7 Cases Solutions Accounting and Auditing Research Tools and Strategies by Weirich, Pearson, Churyk 7 Solution Manual Accounting by Carl S. Warren, James M. Reeve 24 Instructor’s Manual Accounting by Carl S. Warren, James M. 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Obesity And Its Effects On Children - 947 Words

Anyone can be obese at any age. Obesity is defined as having an excess of body fat. According to Huang and Horlick (2007), â€Å"Childhood obesity continues to rise in the United States, with now over 17% of children and adolescents considered overweight.† There are many factors that are associated with obesity including lack of physical activity, unhealthy eating patterns, genetic factors, and environment all play a role. Hormone is another factor that is considered to be rare. A study by the Institute of the Medicine (2001) shows that weight problems in families are a result of shared family life style habits. Physical activity is among the factors to be considered when determining a child’s weight. As per Levin and Stein (2008), â€Å"In ways beginning to be understood, being overweight at a young age appears to be far more destructive to well-being than adding excess pounds later in life†. However, many children are inactive in daily physical activities. They spend much of their time watching TV, playing video games, and on computers. As a result of the low activity level, children run a risk of developing different conditions like diabetes, bone problems, skin conditions (fungal infections and acne), high blood pressure, high cholesterol and early heart disease. They also develop stress, depression, and low self-esteem. As per the WebMD (2014), â€Å"a child’s total diet and activity level play an important role in determining a child’s weight. Today, many children spend a lot timeShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Obesity On Children And Children1381 Words   |  6 Pagesaround. The children would regularly play all day long without being asked; however, nowadays the young children aren t playing enough themselves and the children need their peers to tell them to go play outside. The peers would need need to promote the children with resources to keep them moving. 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A Walk to Remember free essay sample

When I was 17, my life changed forever. I’m 57 years old, but even now I can remember everything from that year, down to the smallest details. I relieve that year often in my mind, bringing it back to life, and I realize that when I do, I feel a strange combination of joy and sadness†¦. this is my story; I promise to leave nothing out. First you will smile, then you will cry—don’t say you haven’t been warned. ’’ Written by an international bestselling author and my personal favorite Nicholas sparks, comes a tale of true love, first love and everlasting love that you will never forget! A walk to remember’ is most definitely my favorite book of all time. The tale begins with a 57 year old Landon Carter, looking back at the year of 1958 set in, North Carolina. He remembers every single thing in that year. From the smell of both the sea and lilacs to the girl that changed everything in his life forever. He and his group of friends dared another teenager to jump into a pool of water, where he instantly became injured and his body became paralyzed (Movie-Gazette 1). Landon was caught being involved in this prank and was given community service work to do, which included tutoring children on weekends and being forced to participate in the Drama Club’s spring play. This is how he met Jamie Sullivan, who is very unpopular and the exact opposite of Landon. Jamie is very focused and serious. She is involved in many activities and had goals for her life. At first, Landon didn’t really talk to Jamie and was embarrassed to be around her. But as time went on, Landon realized he loved her confidence and goals, and ended up falling in love with her. They ended up getting very close and Jamie ended up sharing her goals with Landon, such as being in two places at once, getting a tattoo, witnessing a miracle, etc. Landon made each of her goals come true in this movie. Jamie finally told Landon she had leukemia and stopped responding to her treatments. This secret caused Landon to fall even more in love with Jamie and the rest of the movie was incredibly emotional and moving (Imbd 1-2). The movie A Walk to Remember is based on the novel by Nicholas Sparks. Nicholas Sparks was born in Omaha, Nebraska in 1965. He majored in Business Finance and graduated with High Honors from Notre Dame in 1988. He married now living in North Carolina with his wife Catherine and their five children. Nicholas Sparks has mesmerized his readers with romantic novels since 1996 (Authorsontheweb 1-3). Sparks wanted to create a story with multiple themes such as spirituality, power, beauty, and innocence of first love. He created two young characters (Landon and Jamie) that were on a very personal level defined by Sparks’ own morals and values. He wanted Landon and Jamie to be deeply in love, but without the intimacy that normally accompanies in such deep love. Nicholas Sparks also wanted the novel to show the power of faith, and he believes that in the end, redemption was one of the more powerful elements in the novel (NicholasSparks 1-2). This movie was directed by Adam Shankman and produced by Denise DiNovi and Hunt Lowry from Warner Brother’s Pictures. The movie came out in the year 2002 and was filmed in Wilmington, North Carolina. The intended audience for A Walk to Remember is mainly teenagers and younger girls; however it’s a great movie for anyone because of the many lessons in it (Imbd 2). The producer was trying to get the point across that people can change for the better, such as Landon has and that love is truly out there (Movies. go 1). In the beginning of this novel, Landon Carter only cared for himself and constantly sinned. He and his friends were hell-raisers at school, they drank all the time, didn’t listen to their parents or any adults, and were considered the â€Å"bad boys† of high school. One of the biggest sins he had done was daring the new kid at school to jump in a pond. The boy ended up severely hurt right away and his body was paralyzed. Landon and his friends did not want to get into trouble, so they just left him there (Movie-Gazette 1). Before Landon and Jamie became close, Jamie was also being sinned against by Landon. He thought she was a huge nerd and wasn’t worth his time. Landon thought he was better than Jamie only because he was popular and she wasn’t. He would ignore her and make it apparent that he didn’t want to be around her. Then he started being friendly towards her, but was embarrassed, so he wouldn’t acknowledge her at school. When Landon’s friends were around, he called Jamie names, even though he knew it wasn’t right. (Movie-Gazette 1). I believe the cause of Landon’s sin is peer pressure. He was in the cool crowd and wanted to fit in. He loved being the center of attention, so in order to do that, he sometimes had to play cruel pranks on people, call people names, or talk about them behind their backs. Popularity also was a major part of why Landon sinned. Landon’s friends were â€Å"bad boys†; so he thought he had to be one too. Landon’s wrongdoing was individual sin. In the beginning of the movie, when Landon and his friends were drinking and accidently injured the new kid, his friends had a lot to do with him breaking rules, but it ultimately comes down to him. He knows what is right and what is wrong and only he can decide for himself. Original sin is the condition of sin that marks all humans as a result of Adam’s first act of disobedience (dictionary. reference 1). Landon’s sins could have been prevented. He had the tough attitude and only cared about himself. I do not think it is fair to blame Adam for how Landon acted. Landon did not think before he acted. He sent a boy to the hospital, he intentionally hurt people’s feelings, etc. Landon needed better moral values and a nicer personality. He could have easily done what’s right, but popularity and being the center of attention was more important to him. The central character in this movie was Landon. Jamie remained the same person from beginning to end, while Landon started out as a shallow, sinful person, whose only goal and care in the world was to have fun. However, he was saved by Jamie. Landon changed his life for the better because of Jamie. Jamie filled Landon with a sense of determination that carried him through the rest of his life. Landon realized everything Jamie had done for him. Although Jamie’s secret of having leukemia was very sad, it was an enormous step for Landon in becoming a sensitive man with goals of his own. When Jamie died, Landon said â€Å"Jamie saved my life. She taught me everything. About life, hope, and the journey ahead. I’ll always miss her. But our love is like the wind. I can’t see it, but I can feel it† (Hotmoviequotes 1). While watching this movie I wondered how a down-to-earth Christian girl could change the life of a worldly, self-centered, popularity oriented, trouble making boy, who wouldn’t ordinarily give a girl like her a second thought. Because Landon got himself in trouble and had to join the Drama Club’s spring play, he had to spend time with Jamie. He needed her help in memorizing his lines, which turns his attention. While spending time with Jamie, he begins paying more attention to just outward appearances. Jamie Sullivan’s strong, confident faith in God, in spite of less than perfect circumstances, shines through, which makes Landon interested and captures his attention. While they become closer, Jamie begins to share her dreams with Landon which inspires him to think about deeper things than where the next party is or whom he can make fun of next. Once he begins thinking about deeper things, he tries to make things right between people he has wronged before in his life, and also begins to think more deeply about God. In one of the scenes, Landon is in his car thinking and driving and a song comes on and it says something like â€Å"When I am confused, in You I find my peace†. Through this part of the movie, you see Landon change from angry, to peace, to tears of joy. He finally found God in his life. Landon’s friendships changed over the time that he had changed. He was a foul mouthed, shallow person in the beginning and hung out with people who were exactly like that. Then he started seeing Jamie, a thoughtful, kind, confident, and peaceful girl. His old friends had a huge problem with Jamie because she was different and wasn’t in the popular crowd. In one of the scenes in the movie, Landon’s ex-girlfriend and his old friends post a picture of Jamie’s face on a naked body and post it all over school just to make fun of and humiliate Jamie. Jamie and the change in Landon ended up affecting some of Landon’s old friends. After watching the movie A Walk to Remember, it is evident that love and having faith can change a person for the better. Landon started out as a selfish, bad boy, who always broke the rules. Once he met the right girl (Jamie), who was thoughtful, spiritual, kind, and strong, he realized there are other people than just him. I think this movie is wonderful and encourage others to see it. In many movies, Christianity is often made to look weak or foolish. A Walk to Remember does not do that in any way, which is very nice. This movie teaches many lessons and had many themes such as the beauty, power, and innocence of love, changing for the better, and the importance of God in your life. This movie is a tragic, yet spiritual love story and is very interesting, touching, and captivating.

Knowledge Work and Organization

Introduction Many organizations in different sectors are using community of practice and innovation to improve on their productivity. Community of practice and innovation are interrelated in some ways. This study seeks to identify their similarities, differences and the effects each have on the organization. The last part explains the challenges that firms that participate in social networks face.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Knowledge Work and Organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Communities of Practice From the community’s point of view, communities of practice are groups of people who come together to meet a common goal. In the business perspective, it is a group of self-motivated people who follow laid out procedures and are challenged to train the persons working with them in order to improve their productivity (Wenger 2000, p.45). These communities of practice are responsible for the smoo th running of the organization. Therefore, they are accountable using their knowledge and skills, are included in the planning of the budget of the organization, and provide the time schedule for the activities carried out in the organization. They have artifacts which are documents, websites and stories and the appointed member maintain them since they are useful in the organization (Kortum Lerner 2000, p.680). According to Fageberg, Mowery and Nelson (2005, p.362), the communities of practice combine three elements in defining competence. They are brought together by understanding the values of their community and every member is accountable to sustain the relationship between them. For a person to be competent in the community of practice, he/she has to be a trusted member and to engage in the activities of the community (Kortum Lerner 2000, p.688). The success of every group depends on the competence and the ability of the leader to engage the whole group in the process of mee ting their goal. During the establishment of the community of practice, members should put in mind what will be bringing them together like the events, who will be leading the group, the projects, connectivity and membership. Unlike closed innovation, any person within or outside the organization can be involved in performing duties that will lead to the success of the organization (Robertson, Paul Langlois 1995, p.560). Innovation Innovation involves bringing valuable ideas into the firm. There are different types of innovation, the closed and open innovation. Open innovation is when those ideas come from inside or outside the firm and are meant to benefit the organization as a whole. Most of the people who create these ideas are from outside the firm and sometimes they are hired to educate employees in the organization on how to implement the ideas. Innovation in this case is the methods that organizations choose to use in response to the challenges in the business environment. T hey involve changing of the traditional practices of the organization to new practices with an aim of improving the productivity of the whole organization.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Innovation includes the introduction of machines and technology that in return requires trained personnel who are ready to apply their knowledge with the help of technology to achieve the objective of the firm (Trott Hartmann 2009, p.720). Open innovation principles states that the external research and development creates more value than the closed innovation. The organizations that use closed innovation believe that they have enough skills required to perform a particular task so they do not require help from outside the company. They believe that if they discover things for themselves, they will be the first to venture into the market. These companies are so self-centered and do not all ow others to benefit from their ideas. This is totally contrary to what open innovators perceive (Dasgupta 2003, p.320). Innovation involves generation of ideas that are essential for an organization to maintain its position in the market. Therefore, it differs from the community of practice in that the community of practice follows the ideas that the innovators have already generated in operating the organization and maintaining their relationship. Innovation involves education, technology and training in the organization (Chesbrough 2006, p.111). The employees are trained on the use of new technologies in their practices to become competent and add productivity. Community of practice uses the ideas to meet the goals and objectives of the whole organization. Therefore, the community of practice requires innovation in their daily work. However, both innovation and community of practice involve learning and training in the performance (Francis 2000, p.34). Social capital is the abili ty to find, combine and utilize knowledge and skills of employees within and outside the organization. Just like open innovation, social capital involves employees from outside the individual organization. Social capital encompasses the information flows, exchange of knowledge, community of practice and all other connected networks that bring together stakeholders in an organization. These stakeholders include suppliers, regulators, employees, customers and partners that are all interested in different aspects of the organization. The social capital and community of services are interconnected since both involve innovative practices. The social capital is obtained from employee business networks and the profession.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Knowledge Work and Organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More An organization that is able to apply the social capital is always more productive that the one that ha s no social capital. Innovation is an essential aspect for the productivity of the firm. â€Å"Social capital provides benefits to both the individual and the group as a whole† (Burt Ronald 1992, p.45). Differences between open innovation and communities of practice Communities of practice are groups of people in organizations who converge, share ideas about performing a duty or meeting a goal and learns how to the duty better to get the best practices. Open innovation on the other hand involves identifying and bringing together internal and external resources and ideas to expand on their innovation strategy with an aim of maintaining the firm’s market position on getting new opportunities (Amina Roberts 2008, p. 359) Open innovation is a cognitive model researching, creating and interpreting innovation practices while the communities of practice are not a cognitive model. Communities are not restricted by the organization’s structure, they involve people acr oss the geographical and organizational limits while the open innovation is limited by the structure of the organization and must follow the hierarchy. Similarities of the communities of practice and the open innovation The community of practice must use the technology while still sharing their ideas and learning more about those ideas. Similarly, open innovation involves the use technological practices to bring new ideas in an organization (Amina Roberts 2008, p. 354). Both communities of practice and open innovation involve a group of individuals in an organization and are aimed at improving the performance of the firm (Hardcastle 2011, p.52). The members of both communities of practice and the innovation group are from different professions and are not restricted to one organization but involve internal and external knowledge in the improvement of the firms’ performance. Communities of practice and open innovation involve the process of learning searching for informat ion about how they can create new markets or future opportunities for the organization. Challenges Faced by the Organizations’ Social Networks As discussed earlier, the community of practice, the social capital and the practice-based networks depend so much on innovation. Innovation depends so much on the technology which most of the employees fear since they think that they will lose their jobs. The community of practice may come up with ideas that can cost the organization a lot of money and resources that the organization may not afford. The organization can be forced to borrow or hire the resources, which affect the budget and affect the productivity of the organization. The social groups in the organization require frequent training, which can also be costly to the organization (Francis 2000, p.40). Through innovation, the leaders in the organization may be over possessed with competition giving much pressure to the other employees and reduces their productivity. Accord ing to Chesbrough and Melissa (2007, p. 69), the community of practice in many cases asks for higher pay than the others since they have more responsibilities of changing the old practice of the organization to new improved processes. This is a major challenge for the organization. People perceive ideas differently therefore, for an organization to benefit fully from the community of practice and the social capital, the members involved must understand each other’s behavior. This will help them accommodate each other. The organization is responsible for the education and leadership of this individual in understanding each other and enhancing their knowledge (Chesbrough Melissa 2007, p.62). Conclusion Changes in technology around the world have improved the performance of organizations. Firms traditionally used the closed innovation in their research and development but today they have changed to open innovation. Communities of practice are also used in all organizations in a ll sectors to develop ideas on increasing the productivity of the firm. However, companies are faced with so many challenges in the process of promoting their social groups. This is because the decision making process is slowed by a number of people whose perspective is different from policy makers but trust, negotiation and consultations bring the ideas together.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More List of References Amina, A and Roberts, J 2008, Knowing in action: Beyond communities of practice, Elsevier B.V, vol , 37, pp, 353–369. Burt, Ronald, S 1992, Structural holes: The social structure of competition, Harvard University Press, London. Chesbrough, H and Melissa M, 2007, Open innovation and strategy appleyard, California Management Review, vol.50, no.1, pp.57-76. Chesbrough, W 2006, Open innovation: the new imperative for creating and profiting from technology, Harvard Business Press, New York. Dasgupta, P 2003, Social capital and economic performance: Analytics, in foundations of social capital, Critical Studies In Economic Institutions, vol.2, no.1, pp.309–39. Fageberg, J, Mowery, D Nelson, R 2005, Oxford handbook of innovation, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Francis, F 2000, The great disruption: Human nature and the reconstruction of social order, Simon and Schuster, New York. Hardcastle, D 2011, Community practice: Theories and skills for social work ers, Oxford University Press, Oxford, Kortum, S and Lerner, J 2000, Assessing the contribution of venture capital to innovation, Journal of Economics, vol.31, no.2, pp.674–692. Robertson, Paul L. and Langlois, R 1995, Innovation, Networks, and Integration, Research Policy, vol. 24, pp.543-562. Trott, P and Hartmann, D 2009, Why Open Innovation is old wine in new bottles, International Journal of Innovation Management, vol.13, no.2, pp.715–736. Wenger, E 2000, Communities of practice and social learning systems, Sage, New York. This essay on Knowledge Work and Organization was written and submitted by user Elijah George to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Factors that Influence Stem Cell Research

Gross Domestic Product Gross domestic product (GDP) is one of the measures of a country’s economic growth or performance. GDP is defined as â€Å"the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time† (Mankiw, 2008, p. 510). The use of the market price reflects the willingness of people to purchase the goods and services in question.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Factors that Influence Stem Cell Research specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The definition of GDP has several implications. First and foremost, GDP measures the value of all goods and services irrespective of whether they are tangible or intangible. Secondly, GDP takes into account only the final goods and services and eliminates the intermediate goods. Intermediate goods are goods used in the production of final goods. Final goods on the other hand are goods which are meant for final consumpt ion. By not taking into account the intermediate goods, GDP as a measure of an economy’s growth progress avoids double counting. This is because the value of intermediate goods is always included in the value of the final goods. Third, GDP is geographically bound. It only measures the value of goods and services produced within a country, irrespective of the producer. For instance, the GDP of the United States measures the value of goods and services produced within the boundaries of the United States, by people living in the U.S. even if they are not American citizens. A Japanese automotive company located in the U.S. would contribute towards U.S. GDP. On the other hand, an American company located in Japan or elsewhere does not contribute towards the GDP of the U.S. Lastly, GDP as a measure is time-bound. GDP is always measured within a period of one year. It is important to note that GDP can be measured as an income flow or expenditure. Households use their income to purch ase goods and services. The income received by firms from the sale of goods and services is then used to pay the factors of production, which then becomes their incomes. Hence, the expenditures in the economy end up as incomes to economic agents, implying that incomes equal the expenditures in the economy (Mankiw, 2008). Relationship between gross domestic product and research Gross domestic product is a reflection of not only the level of incomes earned by economic agents but also the level of expenditures by the same economic agents. Research in general is an expensive undertaking that requires heavy financial investments, mainly from big organizations, firms and the government.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A country with a high GDP growth rate is more likely to undertake research studies in various fields as compared to countries with low GDP growth rates. The relation ship between GDP and gross domestic product has been examined by Spitzmueller et al. (2010). Spitzmueller et al. (2010) argued that research undertakings require adequate financial resources, especially if the research is highly technical in nature. Spitzmueller et al. (2000) found a positive and strong relationship between gross domestic product and research activity (p. 277). This implies that high GDP growth rates translate into increased research activity. Other studies have also found a positive relationship between GDP and research activity. For instance, Rosmarakis et al. (2005) found a positive relationship between GDP and research on cardiovascular diseases. Falagas, Karavasiou and Bliziotis (2005) found a close relationship between GDP and virology research, while Vergidis et al. (2005) found a positive relationship between GDP and research in microbiology. The justification given for this outcome is that increased and productive research activity requires a stable and str ong economy with high levels of investments in the research field. Speculation on the relationship between gross domestic product and stem cell research Given the positive relationship between GDP and conventional research, the speculation is a positive relationship between GDP and stem cells research. Stem cell research is an expensive but valuable undertaking due to its potential of developing treatments for a wide range of degenerative conditions. The speculative positive relationship between GDP and stem cell research implies that countries with high GDP growth rates are more likely to engage in stem cell research than their counterparts with low GDP growth rates. Gross Domestic Product per Capita Gross domestic product per capita (GDP per capita) is a better measure of a country’s development progress. It is the measure of the income per person measured within a certain period of time, normally one year (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2009, p. 54 ). It is therefore obtained by dividing the gross domestic product by the total population of a country.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Factors that Influence Stem Cell Research specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is a reflection of a country’s standard of living because it takes into account the country’s population. A country may record high GDP growth rate but low GDP per capita if its population size is big. Therefore, such a country may have low standards of living. On the other hand, a second country may record lower GDP growth rate but still have higher standards of living if its population size is small. GDP per capita therefore tells how the economic growth of country is distributed among the country’s population and whether or not such a growth has any significant impact on the country’s population. GDP per capita is composed of two parts. The first part is GDP per capita r esulting from growth in labor productivity. This is measured as GDP per hour worked. The second part is GDP per capita resulting from growth in labor utilization. This component is measured as hours worked per person. Increase in labor utilization can have significant effects on the growth of GDP per capita. For instance, a low rate of labor utilization combined with high growth of labor productivity indicates that an economy is using more of capital and less of labor. Relationship between gross domestic product per capita and research Gross domestic product per capita, as earlier discussed, reflects the level of income per person in a country. Countries with high per capita GDP have higher standards of living, as measured by their high educational level, high employment levels, better health status, and higher acquisition of technical and scientific skills. People with higher personal incomes can afford to advance their educational and skill levels to the point where they become co mpetent in scientific and technical research. According to the study conducted by Spitzmueller et al. (2010), there is a positive and significant correlation between per capita GDP and research activity. This finding is also supported by the study conducted by Guerin et al. (2008). Guerin et al. (2008) found a significant correlation between GDP per capita of greater than $20,000 and research activity. Speculation on the relationship between gross domestic product per capita and stem cell research The speculation is a positive relationship between GDP per capita and stem cell research. Countries recording high GDP growth rates but having smaller populations are likely to have higher stem cell research than countries with high GDP growth rates but having larger population sizes. Thus, there should be a difference in the output of stem cell research among the developed countries based on their population sizes.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Gross National Expenditures Gross national expenditure is the total amount of spending by households and firms on goods and services in an economy (Hoover, 1970, p. 257). Gross national expenditure is identical to gross national income and gross national product. This is because the incomes received by economic agents are spending by other economic agents. For instance, the wage received as an income by an employee is expenditure to a firm. Similarly, the gross national expenditure is equal to the value of all goods and services produced; the gross national product. Gross national expenditures are therefore an indicator of the economic progress of a country. Countries with high gross national expenditures record high economic growth rate and vice versa, because expenditures stimulate economic growth. Nevertheless, the object on which the expenditures are made is as important as the level of expenditure. Countries with impressive economic growth track spend their national incomes on productive sectors, which stimulate economic growth rather than on redundant sectors, which hinder growth. Gross national expenditures on research give an indication of the amount of money that is channeled into research activity (Godin, 2003). Besides this, the gross national expenditures on education, vocational training, scientific and technical training, building of infrastructure that supports research, human capital development, and capacity building are all good indicators of the emphasis a country places on research activity. The relationship between gross national expenditure and research A positive relationship has been found between gross national expenditure and research. Spitzmueller et al. (2010) found that research activity increases with an increase in expenditure on public education and health. Speculation on the relationship between gross national expenditure and stem cell research The speculative relationship between gross national expenditure and stem cell resear ch is a positive correlation. Stem cell research should increase with an increase in gross national expenditures. However, this relationship may not hold. The direction of this relationship depends to a large extent on which sectors of the economy experience high levels of expenditures. If high levels of expenditures are witnessed in the education and health sectors, then the positive relationship will hold. However, if the country spends much of its income on non-productive sectors such as the military and spends less on the education and health sectors, the relationship between gross national expenditure and stem cell research could be negative. Population The total number of population and its growth rate is important to any economy. Of significant importance to any country is the composition of its population. This refers to whether the population has more males and fewer females or more females and fewer males. In addition, the structure of the population matter a lot. This ref ers to the number of population in the child age bracket (0-15 years), the number of persons in the productive age bracket (15-65 years) and the number of persons in the aged bracket (65 years and above). The number of persons in the child age bracket and those in the aged bracket make up the number of dependent persons in the country because people in this age brackets have to rely on others for support, be it financial, emotional or physical support. As a result, a country with a high dependency ratio would fair poorly than one with a high proportion of population in the productive age bracket. This is because the country would be forced to channel its resources towards the welfare of the dependent population by providing social services such as free or subsidized child care and services for the elderly (Katsumata, 2000). These resources could have been used in more productive sectors of the economy thus driving the country’s economic growth. A country with a high proportio n of its population in the productive age bracket has an abundant of labor force which is a key driver of economic growth and development. However, this can only be positive if the country has policies that increase employment opportunities for this population age bracket. If the employment level is high, then a high population in the productive age bracket would have a positive impact on the growth of a country. On the other hand, if the country has low employment levels and high unemployment levels, a high population in the productive age bracket would have adverse effects on the country’s economic growth. This is because the idleness of these energetic people would force them into vices such as crimes, drug dealing and trafficking. In the end, the country would have a heavy burden of not only trying to control the vices but also trying to redeem the young people and the society through services such as rehabilitation and imprisonment of criminals. All these activities requ ire heavy investment by the state, which could have been used in more productive sectors of the economy. The issue of population cannot be mentioned without taking into account the aspect of human capital. Human capital entails building up the knowledge, skills and technical know-how of the population so as to increase its productivity (Fu, Dietzenbacher Los, 2007). Human capital is built through educational systems especially in higher learning institutions, vocational training, industrial training, scientific and technical training (Murphy Traistaru-Siedschlag, 2007). Human capital is one of the major reasons behind the economic success of the developed countries as well as the newly industrializing countries of Asia. The governments of these countries invest heavily in their education systems and in the after-school training of their population. This helps to equip the populations with knowledge, skills and expertise needed in running industries, creating new industries, creati ng new innovations and inventions and engaging in high technical research fields. The relationship between population and research According to existing literature, there is a negative significant correlation between population size and research activity. For instance, Spitzmueller et al. (2010) found that even though the United States published more articles in radiological research than other developed countries, the research output was higher among small European countries such as Switzerland and the Netherlands than among the developed countries with large population sizes such as the United States. Fritzsche et al. (2008) studied the contributions made by European Union members and non-members towards research in pathology between 2000 and 2005. They found that the small countries, mainly in northern Europe had higher efficiency in research output than the large European countries in the western part. Oelrich, Peters and Jung (2007) carried out a bibliometric study of studies p ublished by European Union countries in radiology between 2000 and 2005. They found that without making population adjustments, the large countries of United Kingdom, Germany and Italy had the highest number of published work. However, when population adjustments were made, the small countries of Austria, Denmark, Finland, Netherlands and Sweden had a higher research output than the large countries. Similar results were also found by Ramos et al. (2009) who found Denmark, Sweden and the Netherlands to have the highest research activity in infectious diseases after taking into account the population sizes of the sample countries. Speculation on the relationship between population and stem cell research The relationship between population size and stem cell research is likely to be negative. This implies that countries with smaller population sizes are likely to have higher activity in stem cell research than countries with larger population sizes. Number of Scientific and Technical J ournal Articles The number of scientific and technical journal articles in a country is a reflection of the intensity of research activity. Countries with high numbers of published scientific and technical articles have higher research activity compared to countries with few published articles. The reason behind this is that any scientific or technical article written for publication undergoes a long and stringent process of review, fact-checking, and assessment before it can be accepted for publication (Spitzmueller et al., 2010). Published articles are also of high quality. Publication drives the research process in a number of ways. To begin with, they provide readers with information on what has been researched on and what has not been researched on in a particular field; that is, the literature gap. Second, publication of scientific articles provide the basis upon which future research activities can be conducted either to improve on the current findings or to research on an ar ea that has not been touched on. As a result, publication helps to improve not only research but also the output. For instance, if an article focuses on a new treatment for an illness but identifies the weaknesses of the drug, future studies can be done to help overcome the identified weaknesses so as to enhance the efficacy of the treatment. Relationship between the number of scientific and technical journal articles and stem cell research There is a positive relationship between the number of scientific and technical journal articles and stem cell research. Countries with high numbers of published articles engage in more research activity than countries with low numbers of published articles. Publishing is expensive and requires heavy financial and human resources investments. Therefore, it is no wonder that countries with high national and per capita incomes have high numbers of published articles and engage more in scientific and technical research than low-income countries. The relationship between the number of scientific and technical journal articles and stem cell research has been examined by various researchers. Mela et al. (2003) examined the proportion of published scientific articles by European scientists as well as scientists from other parts of the world. They found that the number of published scientific articles is highest in Western European countries and in the United States, and low in other parts of Europe and the world. Soteriades et al. (2001) found that the United States is the leader in the number of articles published in the topmost 50 biomedical journals. Closely following the U.S. is Canada and Western Europe. The other regions of the world such as Asia, Africa, Latin America, Oceania, Caribbean and Japan lag far behind. Contrary to the studies, the study by Bliziotis et al. (2005) showed that although the United States and Western Europe had the highest number of published scientific articles, the rate of increase in published art icles between 1995 and 2000 was higher among the other regions of the world than in the U.S. and Western Europe. The study by Bliziotis et al. (2005) was contradicted by the study by Michalopoulos and Falagas (2005) who found that the number of published articles and the rate of increase in published articles were higher in the United States and Western Europe between 1995 and 2003 whereas the number of publications was low in other parts of the world. In critical care research, Michalopoulos et al. (2005) found that the number of published articles increased significantly in Canada and Japan between 1995 and 2003, even though the United States and Western Europe had the highest number of published articles in the field. Speculation on the relationship between the number of scientific and technical journal articles and stem cell research The relationship between the number of scientific and technical journal articles and stem cell research is likely to be positive. This implies that countries with high numbers of scientific and technical articles are more likely to engage in stem cell research than countries with low numbers of scientific and technical articles. Patents A patent is a right given to owners of innovation or invention to prevent others from misusing the innovation/invention or claiming it as their own without the owners’ permission. The issuing of patents began with the Great Britain and the United States from as early as 1630 and 1790 respectively, through the enactment of patent laws in these countries (Mansfield, 1986). Patent rights have been granted in different industries such as the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. Since then, adjustments have been continuously made and other countries, both in developed and developing worlds, have joined the U.S. and Great Britain in providing patent protection. The move to offer patent protections was partly driven by U.S. pressure on other countries to do so and partly by organizations suc h as World Trade Organization (WTO) whose membership mandated patenting of innovative and inventive products and processes. For instance, the U.S. enacted the U.S. Trade Act of 1974 which included Special 301 provision that directs the U.S. to carry out investigations of the protection of U.S. intellectual property holders by foreign countries. Such investigations forced many developing countries in Asia and Latin America to either introduce or strengthen their existing patent laws. In addition, the implementation of the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement of 1995 WTO Agreement mandated all member countries to give patents to innovative products and processes. Thus majority of the countries that do not provide patent protection are either least-developed countries or not members of WTO (La Croix Liu, 2009). Relationship between patents and research The relationship between patents and research has attracted much attention from scholars. The reaso n behind this is that innovation by firms is crucial in enhancing their productivity and is one of the major driving forces of economic growth in developed countries. Gurmu and Perez-Sebastian (2007) carried out a study to examine the relationship between patents and research and development at the firm level in the United States manufacturing sector in the 1982-1992-period. The researchers found a strong and significant correlation between patents and research and development. This implies that high number of patents is positively related with research activity. Thus, countries with strong patent protection rights have higher research output than countries with lenient patent rights. Rassenfosse and Potterie (2008) also examined the degree to which the number of patents reflect the propensity to patent and research output. They argue that research productivity is highly influenced by education policies and science and technology policies. The researchers found that although the num ber of patents has a significant effect on research output, such an effect is dependent on the patent practices adopted by countries. Jaffe and Lerner (1999) examined the impact of changes in patenting laws in the United States on state-owned research institutes. They argued that while universities make up a smaller percentage of research institutions and government-owned researcher institutes make up a bigger portion of all research institutes, little attention has been given to the latter. From their study, the researchers found that the policy changes of the 1980s had a significant and positive impact on technology transfer through increased patenting activities. This shows a positive relationship between patents and research activity. Speculation on the relationship between patents and stem cell research The relationship between patents and stem cell research is likely to be positive. This implies that the intensity of stem cell research is likely to be higher in countries with high number of patents than in countries with low number of patents. Biotechnology Patents Biotechnology is viewed as one of the most promising technologies. However, this technological field is highly capital-intensive (Forsyth, 2000). As a result, investors of biotechnologies need to be assured that their investments would earn them rewards. In a competitive market, this is difficult to achieve because of the free rider problem, which would entail the use of the technology by others who have not invested in it. Competitors can easily imitate the technology without incurring costs of the inventor and then bring it to the market at a lower price than that which would be charged by the inventor. This situation is discouraging to inventors of such technologies. This is where patenting comes into play not only to prevent free-riding problems but also to encourage more people to undertake biotechnological inventions and innovations (Bostyn, 2004). The positive impact of biotechnology pa tents on innovation is not an issue of controversy. What is controversial is the extent of the patentee’s rights. Patents provide monopolistic rights to the inventor of a technology. However, a patent is only functional if the rights granted to the patent holder are proportional to what the patent holder was willing to give to the public or the man skilled in the art. If the patent holder is given a wider protection for a small invention, the patent system would be unfair. However, there would be no problem in giving a broad protection to a person who has made a valuable and far-reaching innovation (Westerlund, 2009). The relationship between biotechnology patents and research The European Patent Office (EPO) receives approximately 30 biotechnology applications every year from countries such as Denmark, Iceland, Sweden, Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium (Felix, 2007). It is interesting to note that these countries are ranked among the top countries in the European region a s far as research is concerned. This shows a positive relationship between biotechnology patents and conventional research. Nicol and Nielsen (2003) make reference to the biotechnology industry in Australia and observe that the goals of the Australian government to enhance the benefits of biotechnology for the Australian community can only be achieved if the government provides adequate protection to its intellectual property, through patents. This would encourage more research in the field which would in turn promote more innovations and inventions in the industry. Nicol and Nielsen (2003) further argue that patent protection should be justified on utilitarian grounds in that they offer the required incentive for innovation which is good for the society. Although biotechnology patents are generally said to have a positive effect on research, some scholars are of the view that such a relationship is highly dependent on the manner in which the patents are used. For instance, patent h olders who abuse their monopoly rights create more harm than good to other socially important values of the patents (Nicol Nielsen, 2003). Speculation on the relationship between biotechnology patents and stem cell research The relationship between biotechnology patents and stem cell research is likely to be positive, implying that countries with high numbers of biotech patents have more research activity in stem cell research. References Bliziotis, I. Paraschakis, K. Vergidis, P. Karavasiou, A. Falagas, M., 2005. Worldwide trends in quantity and quality of published articles in the field of infectious diseases. BMC Infectious Diseases, 5, pp.16. Bostyn, S., 2004. Biotech patents and the future of scientific research. Critical Topics in Science and Scholarship, 1, pp. 29-48. Falagas, M. Karavasiou, A. Bliziotis, I., 2005. Estimates of global research productivity in virology. Journal of Medical Virology, 76, pp.223–229. Felix, B., 2007. Biotechnology in Europe: Patents and RD investments. Statistics in Focus, 100, pp. 1-8. Forsyth, M., 2000. Biotechnology, patents and public policy: A proposal for reform in Australia. Australian Intellectual Property Journal, p. 202. Fritzsche, F. Oelrich, B. Dietel, M. Jung, K. Kristiansen G., 2008. European and US publications in the 50 highest ranking pathology journals from 2000 to 2006. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 61, pp.474–481. Fu, X. Dietzenbacher, E. Los, B., 2007. The contribution of human capital to economic growth: combining the Luca model with the input-output model. Beijing: University of Groningen. Godin, B., 2003. The most cherished indicator: Gross domestic expenditures on RD (GERD). Quebec; Canadian Science and Innovation Indicators Consortium (CSIIC). Guerin M, Flynn T, Brady J, O’ Brien C., 2008. Worldwide geographical distribution of ophthalmology publications. International Ophthalmology, 29, pp.511–516. Gurmu, S. Perez-Sebastian, F., 2007. Patents, RD and lag effects: evidence from flexible methods for count panel data on manufacturing firms. Texas: Texas AM University. Hoover, G., 1970. Twentieth century economic thought. New York: Ayer Publishing. Jaffe, A. Lerner, J., 1999. Privatizing RD: Patent policy and the commercialization of national laboratory technologies. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Katsumata, Y., 2000. The impact of population decline and population aging in Japan from the perspectives of social and labor policy. Tokyo: National Institute of Population and Social Security Research. La Croix, S. Liu, M., 2009. The effect of GDP growth on pharmaceutical patent protection, 1945-2005. Brussels Economic Review, 52 (2/3), pp. 1-21. Mankiw, G., 2008. Principles of Economics. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Mansfield, E., 1986. Patents and Innovation: An Empirical Study. Management Science, 32 (2), pp.173-181. Mela, G. Martinoli, C. Poggi, E. Derchi, L., 2003. Radiological research in Europe: a bibliometric study. European Radiology, 13, pp.657–662. Michalopoulos A. Falagas, M., 2005. A bibliometric analysis of global research production in respiratory medicine. Chest, 128, pp.3993–3998. Michalopoulos, A. Bliziotis, I. Rizos, M. Falagas M., 2005. Worldwide research productivity in critical care medicine. Critical Care, 9, pp.R258–R265. Murphy, G. Traistaru-Siedschlag, I., 2007. The effects of human capital on output growth in ICT industries: Evidence from OECD countries. London: ESRI. Nicol, D. Nielsen, J., 2003. The Australian medical biotechnology industry and access to intellectual property: issues for patent law development. Sydney Law Review, 23, pp.347-374. Nicol, D. Nielsen, J. 2003. Patents and medical biotechnology: an empirical analysis of issues facing the Australian industry. Hobart Tasmania: Center for Law and Genetics. Oelrich, B. Peters, R. Jung, K., 2007. A bibliometric evaluation of publications in urological journals among European Union countries between 2000 and 2005. European Urology, 52, pp.1238–1248. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2009. OECD fact book 2009: economic, environmental and social statistics. Danvers, MA: OECD Publishing. Ramos, J. Masia, M. Padilla, S. Gutierrez, F., 2009. A bibliometric overview of infectious diseases research in European countries (2002–2007). European Journal of Clinical Microbiology Infectious Diseases, 28 (6), pp.713–716. Rassenfosse, G. Potterie, B., 2008. A policy insight into the RD – patent relationship. London: CEPR. Rosmarakis, E. Vergidis, P. Soteriades, E. Paraschakis, K. Papastamataki, P. Falagas, M., 2005. Estimates of global production in cardiovascular diseases research. International Journal of Cardiology, 100, pp.443–449. Soteriades, E. Rosmarakis, E. Paraschakis, K. Falagas, M., 2006. Research contribution of different world regions in the top 50 biomedical journals (1995–2002). FASEB Journal, 20, pp.2 9–34. Spitzmueller, D. Hodler, J. Seifert, B. Zanetti, M., 2010. Radiological research activity 1998-2007: relationship to gross domestic product, health expenditure and public expenditure on education. Insights Imaging, 1, pp.269-280. Vergidis, P. Karavasiou, A. Paraschakis, K. Bliziotis, I. Falagas, M., 2005. Bibliometric analysis of global trends for research productivity in microbiology. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology Infectious Diseases, 24, pp.342–346. Westerlund, L., 2009. Biotech patents: Grant requirements scope of protection. Stockholm: Stockholm Institute for Scandinavian Law. This essay on Factors that Influence Stem Cell Research was written and submitted by user Edith Martin to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Risk Management

Today’s Internet economy has forever changed the way the world conducts business. At no other time in history has technology opened the doors to new markets at a faster pace. While e-Commerce presents tremendous opportunities, it also introduces an enormous amount of risk. After all, the same technology that connects companies to the global marketplace also makes their systems vulnerable to attack. As organizations leverage computer networks and the Internet to scale their businesses and be more competitive, directors and managers must understand the new risks introduced and the responsibilities assumed by opening their critical business systems and data to a public network. Regulations, guidelines, and standards are emerging to help companies define and implement appropriate security and privacy practices. However, without a reliable mechanism for frequently assessing and improving compliance with these standards, there is no prudent way to strike the appropriate balance between the risks assumed and the additional opportunity realized through e-Business initiatives. Security can only be evaluated by better understanding the tools and processes that dynamically interact to protect the computing environment. This interaction should occur in a way that is appropriate for the sensitivity of the environment’s data or the function it provides. Preventive controls stop inappropriate activity before it occurs. Detective controls track security events after they occur and provide information for investigations when an incident is noticed or data is missing or corrupted. Assessment controls identify weaknesses in the environment by evaluating system configurations, security settings, access control lists, and other security elements of a particular system or layer. Corrective controls are measures that strengthen a computer resource or environment. Enhancement controls are structures and frameworks that are put into place to assist in m... Free Essays on Risk Management Free Essays on Risk Management Today’s Internet economy has forever changed the way the world conducts business. At no other time in history has technology opened the doors to new markets at a faster pace. While e-Commerce presents tremendous opportunities, it also introduces an enormous amount of risk. After all, the same technology that connects companies to the global marketplace also makes their systems vulnerable to attack. As organizations leverage computer networks and the Internet to scale their businesses and be more competitive, directors and managers must understand the new risks introduced and the responsibilities assumed by opening their critical business systems and data to a public network. Regulations, guidelines, and standards are emerging to help companies define and implement appropriate security and privacy practices. However, without a reliable mechanism for frequently assessing and improving compliance with these standards, there is no prudent way to strike the appropriate balance between the risks assumed and the additional opportunity realized through e-Business initiatives. Security can only be evaluated by better understanding the tools and processes that dynamically interact to protect the computing environment. This interaction should occur in a way that is appropriate for the sensitivity of the environment’s data or the function it provides. Preventive controls stop inappropriate activity before it occurs. Detective controls track security events after they occur and provide information for investigations when an incident is noticed or data is missing or corrupted. Assessment controls identify weaknesses in the environment by evaluating system configurations, security settings, access control lists, and other security elements of a particular system or layer. Corrective controls are measures that strengthen a computer resource or environment. Enhancement controls are structures and frameworks that are put into place to assist in m...

The Validity of The Persistent Offender Rule in International Law by Essay

The Validity of The Persistent Offender Rule in International Law by Omar Abasheikh - Essay Example It would be tantamount to an international crime to claim that the words offender and objector may be used interchangeably. Even in common parlance, â€Å"object† and â€Å"offend† does not share the same meaning, although sometimes, the person to whom an objection was made may take an offense out of it. An objecting state is not necessarily offending the customary international laws in place and in full force and effect among the community of states. The author creates a crime out of a perfectly normal and natural thing to do for a sovereign state. How could the author have missed this small yet very important point? Apparently, there was a mistake somewhere between the writing of the paper and the formulation of the title. A paper’s title is supposed to give the readers some idea about the body of the paper. But in this case, the title has become a cause for confusion because it is a totally different concept than the rest of the paper. Inconsistent Thesis Lest this review be regarded as a headhunt for flaws, the author is lauded for the extensive research he has done about the subject. He dug through cases and books as is evident in the amount of information and data that the paper contains. But enormous amounts of data are meaningless unless they are served and digested into coherent and logical conclusions. At one point, the author merely presented several opposing or corroborating statements without bothering to mention which one prevails pursuant to exiting international laws or jurisprudence from the International Court of Justice. But then again, the paper has no thesis statement, and if there was any, it was ambiguous and difficult to ascertain. Based on the title, the author is expected to make a stand as to... The research paper "The validity of the persistent offender rule in international law" begins with an introduction to the topic. The author analyzes logical mistakes of Omar Abasheikh in description of "persistent offender rule" and criticizes the title of the paper, which doesn't fit to the sense of the research. After that the author shows advantages and disadvantages in the approach of the author and comes to interesting conclusions. In the end the author sums up that â€Å"consent, whether express or tacit, is required for the formation of customary international law†1 and the persistent objector rule is a necessary and accepted feature of the system that works for the unique social setup of the international community of states. The persistent objector rule is a necessary tool that allows each state to tailor the international law to their particular needs and maximize their benefits. Overall, the author deserves recognition for the amount of time and effort he had put into the paper. No one can deny the fact that he had presented a good volume of pertinent facts and information in the paper. However, the article is not without flaws, starting off with the wrong choice of word in the paper’s title. Then there is the lack of a clear thesis statement and inconsistent theories. The reader would get lost in translation amid the legal terminologies used in the paper. Nevertheless, the paper was very informative and could serve as a jump off point for further and in depth research into the subject.